MBA Admissionss Interest in Business Manag Essay Example For Students

MBA Admissionss Interest in Business Manag Essay ement MBA College Admissions Essays MBA Admissions Essays My Interest in Business Management I am keen on considering a business the board course with the expansion of lawful and money related investigations. Since early on I have consistently had a distinct fascination for fiscal issues and have additionally been charmed by legitimate frameworks and how they work. I feel that consolidating either of these interests with business the executives will give me a sound balance to dispatch a vocation from in either lawful or money related business segments. I am certain inside myself and discover correspondence with others simple. I need to learn at college to develop my comprehension of the information and abilities I as of now have. I am as of now on a hole year conspire called Year in Industry in which I have a years work situation with Centrax, an aviation organization situated in Newton Abbot. This position is giving me important information with regards to how industry truly functions, and has empowered me to figure out how to function appropriately as a feature of a group and how to arrive at a shared objective. I have been given a venture to make the organization paperless. This includes considering work process and examining current frameworks of work. There is a decent possibility that I will pick up sponsorship from my organization for college. In my extra time I appreciate staying in shape. I go to the rec center and play sports including tennis and football. I am enthused about all parts of current innovation and can program fluidly in Delphi. While at school I had percussion exercises and I arrived at grade 4 norm, I was additionally on the understudy gathering. Anyway towards the finish of school I endured a genuine disease which constrained me to miss a lot of my last 2 years. In spite of missing a lot of those last 2 years I despite everything accomplished all that could possibly be needed GCSE A to C evaluations to get into the school course I wanted. I have now made a full recuperation. Later on I might want to see my self working in such regions as the stock trade or a business concentrating on legitimate issues, for example, contracts as this would intrigue me a lot. .

Free Essays on Jordanian

A Jordanian-conceived undergrad held for a quarter of a year regarding the examination of the September 11 assaults was discharged Thursday in the wake of posting $500,000 abandon charges he misled a government fantastic jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a lasting U.S. occupant who has lived in San Diego for a long time, left a government town hall with his lawyer without remarking. Lawyer Jesse Berman said his customer had nothing to do with the September 11 assaults. Investigators state Awadallah recognized before a stupendous jury he knew two of the men who seized American Airlines Flight 77 and directed it into the Pentagon. As indicated by the arraignment, Awadallah's name was additionally on a piece of paper found in the vehicle Pentagon criminal Nawaf Al Hazmi relinquished at Washington Dulles International Airport. The arraignment additionally says Awadallah conceded knowing Khalid Almidhar, one more of the Flight 77 robbers. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his customer was tormented while imprisoned at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and compelled to take a gander at an American banner. He said his cell was overwhelmed so he was unable to state his Muslim supplications. We've nitty gritty in our movement papers the torment he's been gotten through the previous three months, Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the help of the Muslim people group in San Diego. His sibling set up his 1971 Ford frozen yogurt truck as insurance. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to travel to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the finish of the Muslim sacred month Ramadan. Awadallah was arraigned in October on charges he offered bogus expressions to a government fantastic jury in New York hearing proof in the examination of the assaults. In declaration October 10, Awadallah surrendered seeing Al Hazmi around 35 to multiple times in he San Diego region between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's past wo... Free Essays on Jordanian Free Essays on Jordanian A Jordanian-conceived understudy held for a quarter of a year regarding the examination of the September 11 assaults was discharged Thursday subsequent to posting $500,000 abandon charges he deceived a government fantastic jury. Osama Awadallah, 21, a perpetual U.S. occupant who has lived in San Diego for a long time, left a government town hall with his lawyer without remarking. Lawyer Jesse Berman said his customer had nothing to do with the September 11 assaults. Investigators state Awadallah recognized before an amazing jury he knew two of the men who commandeered American Airlines Flight 77 and controlled it into the Pentagon. As per the prosecution, Awadallah's name was additionally on a piece of paper found in the vehicle Pentagon ruffian Nawaf Al Hazmi surrendered at Washington Dulles International Airport. The prosecution additionally says Awadallah conceded knowing Khalid Almidhar, one more of the Flight 77 criminals. Leaving court Thursday, Berman said his customer was tormented while imprisoned at Manhattan's Metropolitan Correctional Center. He said Awadallah was kicked and beaten and compelled to take a gander at an American banner. He said his cell was overwhelmed so he was unable to state his Muslim supplications. We've nitty gritty in our movement papers the torment he's been gotten through the previous three months, Berman said. Awadallah's family helped raise his bail with the help of the Muslim people group in San Diego. His sibling set up his 1971 Ford dessert truck as security. Awadallah, wearing a blue warm-up suit when he left court, was to travel to San Diego Friday morning to be with his family for the finish of the Muslim sacred month Ramadan. Awadallah was arraigned in October on charges he offered bogus expressions to a government excellent jury in New York hearing proof in the examination of the assaults. In declaration October 10, Awadallah surrendered seeing Al Hazmi around 35 to multiple times in he San Diego territory between April 2000 and January 2001 at Awadallah's past wo...

Everything You Need to Know about Customer Journey Mapping

Everything You Need to Know about Customer Journey Mapping The approaches towards customers change over time as does the market itself. Successful entrepreneurs continuously seek and implement new management opportunities in order to attract, maintain and broaden their circle of customers.Traditional marketing approaches are not completely suitable any longer because customers have higher expectations due to the differentiation of the market. What this means is that marketing based on managing relationships with customers must evolve into experience and engagement management.One of the approaches which have been employed by marketers and entrepreneurs in an effort to achieve customer satisfaction is the Customer Journey Mapping. An increasing number of companies has been giving Customer Journey a chance in the past few years, and the general attitude towards it is rather positive. For the time being it is used mostly for providing clarity on customers’ attitudes, mapping out the current state of the company and identification of improvemen t possibilities. © Shutterstock.com | elenabslIn this article, we will present everything you need to know about Customer Journey through sections 1) Introduction to Customer Journey, 2) Elements of Customer Journey Mapping, 3) Touch points / Channels in Customer Journey Mapping, and 4) Customer Journey Mapping Process.INTRODUCTION TO CUSTOMER JOURNEYThe concept of Customer Journey was created in the late 1990s as an outside-in technique in business management. The outside-in approach focuses on improvement of customers’ experience in order to resolve problems and ensure continuous positive relations with them.It targets optimal customer engagement through proper management and credit attribution of touch points and channels through which the customer interacts with an organization or a brand. The necessity of such an approach rises from the realization that all interaction points and mediums have value in the process and should be stimulated appropriately. Moreover, it tries to create a more holi stic view of customer behavioral patterns â€" understand emotions, desires, and needs as well as influences of the company’s endeavors on them.One of the crucial components of Customer Journey is the collaborative approach of different departments which constitute a company. Customer Journey advocates believe that only by ‘breaking down the silos’ the company can acquire the above-mentioned insights and reach its objectives â€" loyal customers who advocate and bring in new ones.The most important tool of Customer Journey is the Customer Journey Map. It is a structuralized scheme of the elements of customer experience process, touch points of interaction with the organization, channels through which it is obtained as well as a ‘behind the scenes’ overview. In other words, it includes what you want to provide to the customer and what the customer would like to receive from you in different stages and the gaps where these two lanes are not compatible. In the following section s, we will focus on description and explanation of all of these.ELEMENTS OF CUSTOMER JOURNEY MAPPINGKey elements of Customer Journey Mapping are phases of a customer’s experience lifecycle â€" that is, phases through which a consumer progresses in reference to a certain company. In this section, we will discuss most frequent elements used in Customer Journey Mapping.AwarenessConsumer awareness is the amount of recognition which a potential customer has a particular brand as well as the extent of specific product association to a brand. It is extremely beneficial for companies to be differentiated from the competition (if the awareness is not negatively-driven) because consumers tend to turn to something familiar, especially if there are too many similar options. Moreover, such brands tend to be advocated in family and friends circles and lead to continuous advertisement and establishment of a strong hold in the market.Customer Journey Mapping has the assignment of presenting the a mount of awareness your segmented customers have for your brand, the rate of success your campaigns have the awareness percentage and the gaps between what is required for and what is being done in matters of elevating customer awareness.DiscoveryOnce your targeted customers become aware of your products and services and gain interest in them, they undertake a process of information acquisition. Customers propose inquiries on the product and interact with branches of your company whether through a query made to a call operator or face-to-face communication with one of your sales representatives at the Point of Sale (PoS) in your store. Moreover, the process of Pricing will be put in motion by your customers. This means that they will evaluate the cost of the product or service they are interested in with reference to how much they are willing to spend for it.Customer Journey Mapping should provide insights on whether the interaction is informative, useful and engaging for your custo mers and if not it should point out issues you should take care of. Also, it should detect balance or lack of it in the pricing process.PurchaseWhen your customers opt for the purchase of a good or service you are offering, they experience an emotional response to it. The response should contain a feeling of satisfaction, and this is achieved mainly by simple and fast transaction process as well as a feeling of paying a reasonable price.Customer Journey Map must include quantitative and qualitative statistics on the experience your customers have in the process of purchase. If the statistics show lack of positive emotions in the majority of your segmented customers, you should revise technological strategies towards payment opportunities, sales representatives’ competencies, as well as your pricing determinants.Post Sales Support / Use of Product or ServicePost sales support represents a wide area of consumer management after purchase of a sort has been made which is focused in en suring proper functioning of and help with the use of a product or a service. It can be technology oriented and involve the assistance with technology merchandise, consumer-oriented when it helps customers in the management of the product and automatic which is available for consultation at all times and is mostly online based. Moreover, post sales support can be embodied in the form of permanent or provisory warranties for the purchased good or service.Your Customer Journey framework might point out that customers are not satisfied with the quality of (some or all) your existing post sales support tools or find that your company does not provide post sales support tools which they need. Moreover, it should determine whether the usage of a product or a service meets your customer’s expectations.ComplaintOne of the crucial elements in customer management is the way complaints are addressed. When a customer presents, a complaint he/she must feel like the company is engaged with the problem and is going to take care of it in a timely manner. If the customer receives no understanding or repeatedly help, he/she will probably acquire a permanent negative opinion of the company and advocate against it.Use the Customer Journey Map to define the amount of consumer satisfaction in reference to how your company deals with their complaints.Bonding With ProductIn order to ensure loyalty of your customers, you should let them feel appreciated and thought of repeatedly. Moreover, you should offer them new and useful ways of investment with your company â€" this is frequently done through renewal and upgrading of your products and services according to needs and preferences of your customers.Your Customer Journey Map will be able to provide insightful information for new projects according to specified desires of your customers.AdvocacyPositive advocacy shows that you have done all of the previous elements in synchronization with your customer’s expectations and needs. Ne gative advocacy shows your company is doing something wrong in regard to its customers.By setting a Customer Journey framework, you will be able to detect problems or gaps in your customer management efforts and consequently make way for improvements.TOUCH POINTS IN CUSTOMER JOURNEY MAPPINGAs we have mentioned in the introduction, touch points have an immense value in the Customer Journey process. They represent any and every interaction a customer has with the company. In the recent decade, the touch points and channels broadened to the online market in addition to traditional face-to-face or telecommunication interaction.Touch points in Customer Journey Mapping are regarded as a team of players who all make the conversion happen. It is like a soccer game: although one team member scores the goal, every team member who navigated the ball in an attack made the goal possible. It is essential to attribute credit properly to each of the touch points and ensure their optimal influence i n the Customer Journey. Moreover, collaboration between different touch points is crucial for achieving specific contextual approaches while remaining consistent for the customer.Below are some of the major key touch points of customer experience with an organization with the brief and general key notions on how each of them should be handled.WebsiteEasy access (for example, implementation of Search Engine Optimization techniques)Simple to use (especially the payment procedure)Clear and informativeVisually appealingPhoneAdaptation of channels for mobile usageApplicationsFace-to-facePositive and pro-active approachUsefulnessWord-of-mouthAdvertisingBrand awarenessSatisfied loyal customersE-mailConstructive, personalized information or offersPostTopics which customers will find interesting and usefulHere is an example of touch points for a travel agency. Investigation on the touch points of purchasing a service â€" booking a trip, showed that your customers tend to look up the destinat ion of their interest on their mobile phones though a simple inquiry on a search engine (typing ‘travel to Paris’). It would be advisable to invest in high ranking your website through the Search Engine Optimization techniques. The next step, the customer makes is reading through the information and services you offer on your webpage â€" it is important to adapt the utility of the page in reference to the type of medium your customers might want to employ â€" mobile applications, tablet or desktop. Once the information and decision for purchase have been made, you must provide a simple and useful payment system. Studies show that complex systems discourage customers and can result in cancellation of purchase or at least no desire to continue conversion relation in the future.CUSTOMER JOURNEY MAPPING PROCESSAfter learning about the elements and the touch point of customer journey, the next step is to define the process of how you can develop the customer journey map of your custo mers. Below is an illustrative example of such map as well as the steps for you to follow to create it for your customers. Step #1: MapPlanningStart With Words: After you have decided to create a Customer Journey Map, you should form a collaborative team of people whose abilities will be most beneficial for the task. Your team should be built with respect to all of the segments you wish to cover with your map in order to create a correct and insightful review of the customer journey. Agree upon a precise objective of your journey map: do you want to investigate a specific process or build your organization’s ecosystem map (an all-inclusive map of all the processes of customer management). Moreover, segment the targeted customer/s whose journey you wish to analyze. Define roles and responsibilities of your team members.Create a Story Board: Once you have determined the scope and scale of your Customer Journey Map, create a story board which will include all of the elements of segmented customer/s journey. Include all of the experience the customer/s had or might have with your company from initial conta ct (awareness) to an end of a sort (loyalty, advocacy or closure of relations).Define Touch Points and Channels: Determine all of the touch points where customers interact with your organization (social networks, ads, applications, search engines, website) and their channels (various mediums for virtual interaction, call centers, stores, etc.).Explore Your Customer’s Drivers: Define what are customer’s expectations and requirements of each of the touch points and channels. Interview your segmented personas and give them opportunities of feedback. All of the information is essential for having a correct and usable customer journey map.Data GatheringHere you should go as detailed as necessary in reference to your objective. Gather quantitative and qualitative statistics on sales, complaints and support requirements as well as analysis on satisfaction with the products and services.Map CreationThrough primary stages of map creation, you should implement an interactive approach to m ap creation â€" your team might use post-its and markers to create a map which you will later install in a Customer Journey software. Customer Journey Map will include all of the gathered data in relation with key elements, touch points and channels and will provide a structuralized result of your examination.Step #2: AnalyzeUse collaborative insights from team members of different departments in your organization;Prioritize and rank information in the map;Recognize gaps, issues and opportunities for improvement;Agree on some adjustments in cross-channel and intra-channel management in order to maximize utility of elements of customer experience;Revise touch points and optimize their efficiency in relation to the preferences and needs of your targeted customers.Step #3: PresentOrganize all of your findings and adjustments in a ‘roadmap’ for the company;Present to employees, managers and owners in order to achieve full comprehension of the tasks which must be made in order to imp rove the customer experience (as all of them have influence on the efficiency of implementation of results and ideas);Monitor and manage the realization of projects;Do not hang the Customer Journey Map on the wall as a passive and static result. It is a tool and must be actively adjusted and updated in order to provide continuous understanding of the Customer Journey.The market is bursting with entrepreneurs and companies in all niches. It is becoming more difficult to maintain a solid presence, maintain customers and attract new ones. The traditional inside-out approach to business management does not seem to cut it anymore. With so many options from which the customers can choose a profit-only orientation has a good chance of ending up being acquisition by a larger enterprise or bankrupt. What proves to be the only real solution is making the customers perpetually happy. For so long companies focused only on the relationship with the customers up to the point of purchase. Basicall y, consumers were regarded as cash machines which can be easily replaced when broken (discontent). The Consumer Journey is a process established as a helpful instrument for resolving burning issues of the modern market â€" keeping and broadening circle of customers. It is an effort to understand the total process which leads to conversion, ways in which it can be improved as well as issues which need to be addressed and gaps which should be filled. For further investigation on goals and features of Customer Journey Mapping take a look at the comprehensive webinar by experts on Customer Experience Management Claire Sporton and John Dalton and watch interesting short productions on Moments of Truth and Outside-In Perspective by Future Smith company.

Equality and Diversity P4 - 1043 Words

Unit 2 Assignment 2 P4 There are many pieces of legislation that are put in place to protect and safeguard vulnerable people; like Mrs Naidoo. I am going describe five pieces of legislation and regulations, and explain how they safeguard vulnerable adults. The Care Standard Act 2002 The Care Standard Act is in place for anyone who receives care. These are the minimum standards by which every care provider must adhere to and are inspected on a regular basis. Its policies include giving patients the right to a choice of home, everyday living, activities, protection and administration of medicine. This legislation helps to direct care organisations regarding the protection of vulnerable adults. It does this by giving†¦show more content†¦By working together, abuse can be detected and dealt with a lot quicker. No Secrets really helps to protect vulnerable adults because it prevents them from being abused, and if they have been abused it means that it is dealt with and they get help and support. For example, Mrs Naidoo is suffering from a form of verbal abuse and she is being neglected therefore, no secrets would help someone like her so that she does not suffer. P5 Many strategies are used within the work place to protect vulnerable people. Health and social care settings have to always promote equality and diversity and to respect service users rights. One way in which this is done is by always putting the patient/service user at the heart of the service provision. This means that the patients individual needs will be met and achieved for example; a personal eating plan to a specific individual. Putting the service user at the centre of the provision generally makes a happier and healthier patient in all areas To recognise the service users rights to freedom from discrimination, service providers should support individuals to express their needs and preferences. They should do this by encouraging the residents to speak out and say what they would prefer to do, whether it is related to medical treatment or simpler preferences too such as what to eat and wear that day. This can be done by caring for theShow MoreRelatedBusiness Economic1655 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment: Learner information OCR Level 3 Health and Social Care Unit 2: Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Assessor: Important Dates | |Assessment Criteria |Issue Date |Formative Assessment |Summative Assessment | |Task 1 |P1, M1 and D1 | | | | Read MoreUnit 21672 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment: Learner information OCR Level 3 Health and Social Care Unit 2: Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Assessor: Important Dates | |Assessment Criteria |Issue Date |Formative Assessment |Summative Assessment | |Task 1 |P1, M1 and D1 | | | | Read MoreTitle: Discrimination and Social Care3818 Words   |  16 Pagesnew Unit 2: Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Unit code: D/600/9222 QCF Level 3: BTEC Nationals Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose This unit aims to develop learners’ understanding of concepts related to equality, diversity and rights in health and social care. Learners will be able to gain knowledge of discriminatory practice and means of combatting this. They will also develop understanding of national initiatives thatRead MoreEssay about P4 M2 D1 - National Initiatives Unit 21588 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 2- Equality, Diversity and Rights In this assignment I am going to design a booklet explaining of how national initiatives promote anti-discriminatory practice. I am going to explain an assessment of the influences of a recent national policy initiative promoting anti-discriminatory practice in health and social care settings. Then I am going to evaluate the success of a recent initiative in promoting anti-discriminatory practice. P4 I am going to write about 4 legislations, these are theRead MoreUnit 1 P4 P51176 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿P4 Describe, with examples, the impact of government policies on different public services P5 Identify how society is affected by government policies In the UK, policies are in place in order to protect us and help enforce diversity and equality. Sometimes they are not always positively impacted on our society and public services; they can be negative as well. In this assignment, I will cover both the impacts of government policies on the public services and how society is affected. Human RightsRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Inclusion Essay2622 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is equality? Is it just a political nomenclature or an ideological concept? 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The Commission for Racial Equality has stated that institutional racism involves a process by which a range of public and private bodies systemically discriminate against people of ethnic minorities. Sivanandan, the director at the Institute of Race Relations defines institutional racism as that which, covertly or overtly, resides in the policies, procedures, operations and culture of public or

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 17 Free Essays

Micha I called my dad from the road and got his address. He tried to talk to me a little bit, but I hung up on him. Confronting him for bailing is not something I’m going to do over the phone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He lives about two hours away, which pisses me off. Two hours away and he hasn’t stopped by once. When I pull up to his house, my hands nearly choke the life out of the steering wheel. He lives in a two-story white-brick mansion. The neighborhood is nice with gigantic houses and people walking their dogs along the sidewalk. There’s no drug dealings going on, no fights, no junky cars parked in the front yard. I sit in my car staring at the red door with a big â€Å"Welcome† sign hanging on it. There are flowers around the front of the yard and the grass is green and cut. Is this why he left us? Because he wanted a fancier life. Why the fuck couldn’t he do that with us? My phone beeps in my pocket and I turn it off. It’s Ella and I can’t talk to her right now. The front door opens and a man in his forties steps out onto the porch. His hair is the same color of blonde as mine, but thinner. He’s wearing a black suit and looks like an arrogant prick. He scoops up the newspaper from the ground and squints at my car as he trots off the porch. I count to five in my head, force my hands away from the steering wheel, and get out of the car. He recognizes me immediately and his face drains of color. â€Å"Micha?† He tucks the newspaper under his arm. â€Å"Is that you?† I take another deep breath and walk across the front lawn. â€Å"I don’t even know why I’m here.† â€Å"Why don’t you come inside so we can talk?† he suggests. I follow him into the house that’s even nicer on the inside; hardwood floors, a massive chandelier, and freshly painted walls with family pictures on them. â€Å"You have a family?† He tosses the newspaper onto a table and motions for me to have a seat in the living room. â€Å"Yeah, a daughter that’s twelve and a son that’s eight.† Feeling awkward, I sit down in a chair that’s decorated with frilly pillows. He seats himself across from me, seeming like he has no idea what to do or say next. â€Å"So how have you been?† â€Å"Super.† There’s a large portrait on the wall taken in a church of him and his wife on their wedding day and I stare at it, doing the math. â€Å"How long have you been remarried?† He fidgets uncomfortably as he leans back in the chair and stations his foot onto his knee. â€Å"Micha, look I’d rather not get into this.† â€Å"What did you do? Like run out on us and marry the first person you came across?† Anger burns in my voice. He looks away toward the window and I get it. â€Å"You were seeing her while you were still with mom, weren’t you?† He makes eye contact with me again, with eyes exactly like mine. â€Å"Look Micha, there were things going on between your mother and I that you don’t understand†¦ I wasn’t happy.† â€Å"There were things going on between you and me, too,† I snap. â€Å"So what’s your excuse for that one?† He rubs a hand across his face and lets out an exhausted sigh. â€Å"I’m sorry.† I clench my hands into fists, fighting the urge to jump off the couch and strangle him. â€Å"You’re sorry? Great answer, asshole.† He snatches a manila folder out of the drawer of the end table and slams it down on the coffee table between us. â€Å"Your grandfather left you some money in his will.† My eyes flash from the folder to my father. â€Å"Is that why you brought me here?† He opens the folder and takes a small stack of papers out. â€Å"I thought maybe you could use it to go to college or something. That would be nice, wouldn’t it?† Shaking my head, I get to my feet. â€Å"I’m not going to college and you’d understand that if you knew me past the age of six.† He slides the papers across the table and sets a pen next to them. â€Å"Please just take the money, Micha. I want to know that you’re taken care of otherwise it’ll haunt me.† I pause. â€Å"Are you planning on ever seeing me again?† His silence gives me the only answer I need. â€Å"I don’t want your God damn money.† I throw the papers at him and storm for the front door. â€Å"Give it to one of your real kids.† He doesn’t call after me when I stomp out the door and he doesn’t chase me down. I march straight for my car, getting more furious with each step, and I slam my fist into the driver’s side window. It doesn’t break, but a couple of my knuckles pop. â€Å"Fuck!† I shout, clutching my hand and the old lady across the street, who’s working in her garden, scurries inside her mansion. I jump in my car and speed off down the road with no idea where the hell I’m going. How to cite The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 17, Essay examples

My Financial Career free essay sample

Good morning, I said, standing up, and walked through a big door Into a safe. Come out, said the manager coldly and showed me the other way. I went up to the clerk and pushed the money to him. My face was terribly pale. Here, I said, put it on my account. The sound of my voice seemed to mean, Lets do this painful thing while we feel that we want to do it. When the operation had been performed, I remembered that I hadnt left any money for present use. My idea was to draw out six dollars. Someone gave me a checkbook and someone else began telling me how to write It out. The people In the bank seemed to think that I was a man who owned millions of dollars, but was not feeling very well. I wrote something on the cheese and pushed it towards the clerk. We will write a custom essay sample on My Financial Career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He looked at it. What, are you drawing it all out again? He asked in surprise. Then I realized that I had written fifty-six dollars instead of six.I was too upset to think clearly now. I had a feeling that it was impossible to explain the thing. All the clerks stopped writing to look at me. One of them prepared to pay the money. How will you have It? he said. What? How will you have it? Oh, I caught his meaning and answered without even trying to think,-? in fifty- dollar notes. He gave me a fifty-dollar note. And the six?

Psychology Twin and Equal Environment Assumption Essay Example

Psychology: Twin and Equal Environment Assumption Paper Are people product of their genes or the choices made in there lives ? 2. Methodology Boucher first went to find sets of minimization twins who were separated early in life, reared apart for all of most of their lives, and reunited as adults. Each twin completed approximately 50 hours of testing on nearly every human dimension you might imagine. They completed four personality trait scales, three aptitude and occupational interest inventories, and two intelligence tests. In addition the participants filled in checklists of household belongings (such as power tools, telescope, original artwork, unabridged dictionary) to assess the similarity of their family resources, and a family environment scale that measured how they felt about the parenting they received from their adoptive parents. They were also administered a life history interview, a psychiatric interview, and a sexual history interview. All Of these assessments were carried out individually so that there was no possibility that one twin might inadvertently influence the answers and responses of the other. . Results / Conclusions These findings indicate that genetic factors (or the genome) appear to account for most of the variation in a remarkable variety of human heartsickness. This finding was demonstrated by the data in two important ways. One is that genetically identical humans (minimization twins), who were raised in separate and often very different settings, grew into adults who were extraordinarily similar, not only in appearance but also in basic psychology and personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Twin and Equal Environment Assumption specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Twin and Equal Environment Assumption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology: Twin and Equal Environment Assumption specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second demonstration in this study of the dominance of genes is the fact that there appeared to be so little effect of the environment on identical twins who were raised in the same setting. Heres Boucher and Lackeys take on these discoveries: For almost every behavioral trait so far investigated, from reaction time to religiosity, an important fraction Of the variation among people turns out to be associated with genetic variation. This fact need no longer be subject to debate; rather, it is time to consider its implications. . Discuss one example of the significance of the study or one criticism directed toward the research equal environment assumption (I. E. , Joseph, 2002). This argument maintains that many of the conclusions drawn by Boucher and Liken about genetic influence assume that MS and ADZ twins raised together develop in identical environments. These critics maintain that such an assumption is not valid and that fraternal twins are treated far more differently than are identical twins. This, they contend, draws the entire method of twin research as a determinate of genetic influences into question. However, several other articles have refuted this criticism and supported the equal environment assumption. 5. Discuss one example of subsequent research in this area or recent applications of this study. In 1999, Boucher reviewed the nature-nurture evidence from the Minnesota twin registries (Boucher, 1999). He concluded that, overall, 40% of the variability in personality and 50% variation in intelligence appears to be genetically based. He also reiterated his position discussed earlier that your genes drive your selection of environments and your selection or avoidance of specific personality-molding environments and behaviors. Research at the Minnesota twin centers continues to be very active. Some fascinating research has examined very complex human heartsickness and behaviors that few would have even guessed to be genetically driven, such as love, divorce, and even death 6. Reflection Discuss what you learned from the study This study explains how many people who have lived in non-comforting settings for example living with a alcoholic mother who did not raise you with norms or love end up being successful in life not following your mothers footsteps. Your Personality who you are comes in your genes and how you use them how you make decisions and the way you think is the choices you have made in life .

Free sample - Annotated biography of James Baldwin. translation missing

Annotated biography of James Baldwin. Annotated biography of James BaldwinRandall Kenan. â€Å"The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings by James Baldwin† (August 24, 2010) Pantheon. This book basically explains what the collection of James Baldwin’s The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings is all about. The collection contains speeches and essays alike brought together and combined in a single book. The contents are mainly educational material and cover such topics as racism, past and present American literature and also educating black children. They contain among others Mass culture, some personal notes, creative writing and he also goes ahead to discuss different novelists of his time. In this way, Baldwin is portrayed as a teacher, preacher and also a smart person in his times. In his review, Randall Kenan, a renowned novelists and book reviewer, James Baldwin is portrayed as a very good novelist who will express his feelings without fear and also tend to go for what he wants. His brave writings and discussions of other different novelist is very amazing. He also looks at the different aspects of language as used at that time and also examines the evolution of these dialects, especially in the black community. This source is a very simple straight forward and it vividly brings out James Baldwin’s character. It can be recommended to readers who desire to know more about novel authors and their history. Bigsby, C. W. E. The Committed Writer: James Baldwin as Dramatist Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1967), pp. 39-48 In this biograpgy by Bigsby C. W. E., James Baldwin is described as a dramatist as the title suggests. This is in reference to his work entitled ‘The Native son’, which basically brings out his roots as having been born in Harlem. James Baldwin’s intention was basically to emancipate humanity from the narrow view of life that they had (pp. 39). And in his later publications, he ruffled some feathers and caused some friction, with for example Wright. Bigsby C. W. E., a Twentieth Century Literature analyst, evaluates the works of Baldwin and compares them to his way of life. This is an easy to understand piece of work and it will go a long way to aid my presentation in that Baldwin’s character is brought out clearly. For those who would like to know about Baldwin’s charcter and perspective, this is the book for them. Mabe, Chauncey. Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography by Herb Boyd (22 February 2008) South Florida Sun-Sentinel (MCT) Chauncey Mabe analyzes the skill of James Baldwin as a novelist. In his book Baldwin’s Harlem, ambition and experimentation is evaluated. It basically brings aiut his character relative to the Harlem neighborhood where he was born and brought up. Boyd examoines Baldwin ‘s childhood character and behaviour as sensitive and odd-lloking and not fitting in the setting. However, in this piece of work, Boyd increasingly critisizes Baldwin for hi actions in discussing the authors who mentored him, and portraying Harlem as a cornerstone of hi life’s upbringing. Although this is not the case throughout, he sometimes highlights the strong points in Baldwin’s life. This is a very good critique of Baldwin and brings out his weaknesses and negatives. This work can be recommeded to those non-fiction lovers interested in Baldwins’s background check. Rasbury, Angeli R. Go Tell it on the Mountain (September 26, 1995) Modern Library; New Ed edition publishe in Sacred Fire. Angeli Rasbury notes that the James Baldwin’s novel â€Å"Go Tell It on the Mountain† is considered as one of his greatest works. He notes also that this novel draws much of its development on Baldwin’s childhood experience and upbringing in the slums of Harlem, thereby bringing out inspiration to his writings. In this novel, aspects of racism, sexual orientation as being gay , religious doubt and a rough experience with his complicated father while growing up are embedded. Featuring John Grimes, this book is in three parts where Johns horrific experiences are shared in part one, his parent’s difficult experiences in part two and finally his yielding to religious ways in part three. It has numerous biblical references evoking the black church. This is a straight forward book and illustrates the life of James Baldwin. Blues for Mister Charlie This is a play written by James Baldwin to depict the way the perceived the white man, that is ‘Mr. Charlie’. It is a play based on the story of a young black man, Emmet Till who was murdered in 1955 in Mississippi. In this set up, the strength of the black man in that generation is developed. That is the establishment of the Negro’s full manhood in the country. Basically set up in the American South in the 1960’s when there was terror on blacks. It depicts the trial, consequences and results of a white man that executed killings of blacks. Basically, ‘the blues’ depicts the song that is sung to the white man representing the punishment for his actions. An explosive play involving different characters to depict different people in the society, ‘Blues for Mister Charlie’ is a must read. This play allows people room for focusing on issues such as race, Christianity and also sex.   Also, it has been structured and made into plays ac ted indifferent places. This book is recommended for theatre lovers. Book Jacket. Giovanni's Room (June 2000), Dell Publishing Company, IncorporatedJames Baldwin’s ‘Giovanni's Room’ is a non-fictional work sample that talks about a young man’s struggle with his sexual bias and identity. Being born naturally as a man, this young man finds himself trapped in a situation where he has to choose which direction to take, either to be straight or to be gay. At one point, he finds himself inlove with a young woman and proposes marriage. But at the same time, he has peculiar sexual desires which land him into an affair with a bartender! Therefore ha has to juggle in between the two. This jeopardizes his view of the conventional normal American lifestyle and sexual orientation. Bascally, James Baldwin’s struggle with sexuality is brought out in this piece of work and the review by book Jacket sums it up all. A classical gay literature depiction set in the 1950s.

Case study, the business case for happiness Study

, the business for happiness - Case Study Example Also the variation in the mood of the workers, will determine their productivity. A negative attitude influences employees’ thinking, when we feel negative we may become detractor to one another. Negative feeling bring about a combatant mode of thinking. On the other hand, a positive mood has some bearing on people way of thinking to become confident, tolerant, constructive, un-defensive and lateral. Employees are happier if they are guaranteed on the retention of their job, they will not seek a good working environment instead they will make their current working place a better one. Happiness and other positive emotions can undo some of the adverse psychological effects of the negative emotions, such as the effects of adrenaline released in the response to fear or threat. Despite all the efforts to make the employees be happy and work in harmony in the workplace, so as to increase their productivity. Still there is one major limitation to hinder all those efforts. The employees would be happy with the job but still domestic factors may lead to depression which may lead employees, not to be happy in their workplace hence leading to the low productivity. If the employees have martial issues with their spouse, it will affect their mental thinking towards their colleagues of the opposite gender. This is in the regard to the negativity in behavior of their spouses who is of the same gender their co-workers. This will eventually lead to conflicting factors in their

Thinking like an Economist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thinking like an Economist - Essay Example I believe that the ideas of Adam Smith are still relevant in our current world economy. It is irrefutable that only a few things changed over the century which implies that older ideas can still be applied in the present. This is even more applicable to social sciences like economics as the past dilemmas still haunt the policy and decision makers of today. The problem of maximizing public good is still a one of the greatest questions in the world economy which can be answered by the ideas of Smith. The relevance of the ideas of Smith can be seen on how governments are presently trying to deregulate industries and privatize some previously government owned corporations. The countries doing this are coming to the realization that deregulation and privatization triggers a more competitive environment for industries and corporations alike, leading to more efficient operations. It is also notable that these processes ensure that the true value of goods and services in the economy is reflected in the pricing system as subsidies are now removed. Deregulation and privatization also significantly improves the overall efficiency in corporations' operations thereby maximizing producer surplus. When producers pass this in the form of lower prices, consumer surplus is maximized and the overall economy profits. One of the best examples to illustrate Adam Smith's concept of "invisible hand" is fr

Using Translation As A Means Of Interpretation English Language Essay

Using Translation As A Means Of Interpretation English Language Essay Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text, or translation. Its goal is to establish a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target texts, while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints and differences between an SL and a TL and the variation in their cultures make the process of translating a real challenge. Among the problematic factors involved in translation include context, form, the rules of grammar of both languages, meaning, style, their writing conventions, their figurative languages, such as proverbs, idioms, metaphors, euphemisms, and the like. One of the grammar/vocabulary areas that cause most problems for students of English is euphemisms. Euphemisms are words or phrases that are used to soften the reality of what are being communicated to a given listener or reader. They are a universal feature of language usage since all cultures typically use them to talk about things they find terrifying, for example war, sickness, and death. Euphemisms are powerful linguistic tools that are embedded so deeply in our language that few of us, even those who pride themselves on being 2 plainspoken, ever get through a day without using them (Rawson, 1981:1). The need for euphemism is both social and emotional, as it allows discussion of touchy or taboo subjects (such as sex, personal appearances or religion) without enraging, outraging, or upsetting other people, and acts as a pressure valve whilst maintaining the appearance of civility. Also, euphemisms are highly important expressive means of any language and are frequently used in everyday life. They make the speech more expressive, vivid, and colorful. This makes the euphemisms adapt speech to different situations. Thus euphemisms help people to fit to the proper context and to express ideas clearly. All these euphemisms appeared naturally in the process of everyday usage. People instinctively try to avoid the word not to offend or to hurt ones feelings. So euphemisms are synonyms that aim at producing a deliberately mild effect. When people use them in proper situations, it means that they care about other people. As Holder (2003) puts it, Euphemism is the language of evasion, prudery and deceit, but euphemisms also help us to cope with troublesome situations, and many of them are a source of laughter. As euphemistic expressions evolve in the course of time and new euphemisms emerge to replace the old ones, they also help to keep the language diversity alive. Similarly, euphemisms are used to express taboos, as we feel, on some instinctual level, that the euphemism keeps us at safe distance from the taboo itself. Another use of euphemisms is to elevate the status of something (e.g., using 3 educator for teacher, attorney for lawyer); but in general, euphemisms are used to express what is socially difficult to express in direct terms. Euphemisms are formed based on four devices, as proposed by Warren (1992). The first device is word formation, in which the words are formed by compounding, blends, acronym, derivation, and onomatopoeia. The second device is phonemic modification. Below this term, the euphemisms are formed by modifying their phonetics. The third device is loan words, which are words from other languages. The last device is semantic innovation. In this case, a word or a phrase can be consider as a euphemism when its meaning no longer refer to their literal meaning, but the euphemism intended meaning. The fact that many euphemism words or phrases cannot be predicted from their formations (specifically in the semantic innovation device) makes language more complicated for the learner of English. Such formations are often particularly difficult to understand because the learner hears a string of words, which they know very well, but which in formation do not make any sense. It is common knowledge that in order to provide an adequate translation, the translator must be able to sense nuances in the semantics of both the source-language and target-language texts. English euphemism words or phrases are of great interest to the researcher in this respect because they possess quite a number of semantic, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities, sometimes making their accurate translation into Indonesian difficult. Obviously, such semantic peculiarities of English euphemisms must have influenced the process of their translation into the Indonesian language. 4 Therefore, to be able to obtain valid data, the researcher used a novel entitled The Sum of All Fears by Tom Clancy and its translated version, Puncak Ketakutan, as the source of data. It was chosen because Tom Clancy is a novelist who always set a thriller genre and put military and political circumstances in which euphemistic expressions usually appear. Finally, in this research, the study is meant to show to the reader that euphemisms in The Sum of All Fears are translated into euphemisms, non-euphemisms, or they are not translated into both forms, in the sense that they are deleted or are kept in their original forms. To do as such, the researcher also identified several kinds of strategy applied in translating them. Then, it can be concluded that the result of this research will show whether the translations of euphemisms change the meanings or not. 1.2 Scope of the study This study is focusing on two significant focuses. The first is English euphemisms, in this context, the words and phrases. The second is the Indonesian equivalent of translated form. The area in which the problem will focus is in the novel The Sum of All Fears, written by Tom Clancy. 1.3 Research Questions There are one main research question and two sub-problems when developing this study. The main research question is how the euphemisms in The Sum of All Fears are translated. The sub-problems following the main research 5 questions are What kinds of strategies do the translator use in translating euphemisms in the novel? and Does the translation of euphemisms affect the meanings? 1.4 Purpose of the Study The aim in this study is to answer the main problem, the way euphemisms in The Sum of All Fears are translated. Also, the sub-purposes of the research are to identify the strategies occurred in the translation of euphemisms in the novel and to find out whether or not the translated euphemisms affect the meanings. 1.5 Time and Place of the Study The research was held within five months, which was from March 2007 to July 2007. The study is a written-data research that is not tied to a certain place. 1.6 Significance of the Study By carrying out this research, the results of this research are expected to enrich the study of translation and to be advantageous for the writer to obtain a deeper understanding about translation area. Furthermore, this research will possibly add a valuable input concerning the translation of euphemism. Not only that, this research is also meant to enlarge the horizon for English Department students who wish for a more understanding about the area. 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Studies on Translation Translation typically has been used to transfer written or spoken SL texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds of texts-including religious, literary, scientific, and philosophical texts-in another language and thus making them available to wider readers. If language were just a classification for a set of general or universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from an SL to a TL. Furthermore, under the circumstances the process of learning a second language would be much easier than it actually is. In this regard, Culler (1976) believes that languages are not nomenclatures and the concepts of one language may differ radically from those of another, since each language articulates or organizes the world differently, and languages do not simply name categories; they articulate their own (p.21-2). Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language the source text and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text the target text, or translation. Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation of natural-language texts machine 7 translation or to use computers as an aid to translation computer-assisted translation. The goal of translation is to establish a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target texts (that is to say, to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of both languages, their writing conventions, their idioms, and the like. In the process of translating, there are some principles that must be attained by translators. Duff (1989) summarizes them as meaning, form, register, source language influence, style and clarity, and idioms. These principles of translation keep hold on the most essential part in the process of translation, which is the meaning. As formulated above, the goal of translation is to link the same message in, yet, different form. Therefore, it should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. The form is also significant after the meaning because of the aspect of the ordering of words and ideas. Register, in the other hand, indicates the levels of formality in a given context (say, the business letter). Register the follows by source language influence, which involve the translators thoughts and choice of words. Same with the others, the style and clarity and idioms aspects cannot be left behind since they also share the same significance part with each other during the translat ion process. The translation process, whether it is for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as decoding the meaning of the source text, and re-encoding this meaning in the target language. To decode the meaning of a text the translator 8 must first identify its component translation units, that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more sentences. Behind this seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and methodically interpret and analyse all its features. This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers. The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact, often translators knowledge of the target language is more important, and needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native speakers. In addition, knowledge of the subject matter being discussed is essential. In recent years studies in cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the cognitive process of translation. 2.1.1 Translation strategies, methods and procedures The translation strategy as defines by Loescher (1991:8) is a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it. As stated in this definition, the notion of consciousness is significant in distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translators. Taking into account the process and product of translation, Jaaskelainen (2005) divides strategies into two major categories; some strategies relate to 9 what happens to texts and other strategies relate to what happens in the process. Product-related strategies, as Jaaskelainen (2005:15) writes, involves the basic tasks of choosing the SL text and developing a method to translate it. However, she maintains that process-related strategies are a set of (loosely formulated) rules or principles which a translator uses to reach the goals determined by the translating situation (p.16). Meanwhile, Newmark (1988) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language (1998: 81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation: (1) word-for-word translation, in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings and out of context, (2) literal translation, in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly and out of context, (3) faithful translation, which attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures, (4) semantic translation, which differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, (5) adaptation, which is the fre est form of translation and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; in the state that the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved. Here, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten, (6) free translation, which produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the 10 original, (7) idiomatic translation, which reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original, and (8) communicative translation, which attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. Thoroughly, Newmark puts forward the following translation procedures that he proposes. They are: (1) transference, which is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named transcription, (2) naturalization, which adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL, (3) cultural equivalent, which means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. Note that Newmark stated that they are not accurate (1988:83), (4) functional equivalent, which requires the use of a culture-neutral word, (5) descriptive equivalent, (6) componential analysis, in which the translator compares an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components, (7) synonymy, which has the sense that the form is a near to TL equivalent, (8) through-translation, which is the li teral translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called calque or loan translation, (9) shifts or transpositions, which involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, the change from singular to plural, the change required when a specific 11 SL structure does not exist in the TL, the change of an SL verb to a TL word, the change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth, (10) modulation, which occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective, (11) recognized translation, which occurs when the translator normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term, (12) compensation, which occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, (13) paraphrase, (14) couplets, which occurs when the translator combines two different procedures, (15) notes, which are additional information in a translation. Notes can appear in the form of footnotes. Other different translating procedures are depicted by Nida (1964: 241-47). They are as follow: (1) technical procedures, which is the analysis of the source and target languages and a through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it, and making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations, and (2) organizational procedures, in which a constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the texts communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions. 2.1.2 Equivalence in Translation The comparison of texts in different languages inevitably involves a theory of equivalence. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation 12 although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years. Among the theorists who stated their theories of equivalence are Nida, Catford, and Baker. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence-which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence-and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon the principle of equivalent effect (1964: 159). In the second edition (1982) or their work, the two theorists provide a more detailed explanation of each type of equivalence. One can easily see that Nida is in favour of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. This is perfectly understandable if we take into account the context of the situation in which Nida was dealing with the translation phenomenon, that is to say, his translation of the Bible. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nida and Tabers edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation is far more than mere correct communication of information (ibid.: 25). Despite using a linguistic approach to translation, Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in other words, in its semantic quality. 13 He therefore strives to make sure that this message remains clear in the target text. While, Catfords approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that adopted by Nida since Catford had a preference for a more linguistic-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday. His main contribution in the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of types and shifts of translation. Catford proposed very broad types of translation in terms of three criteria, which are the extent of translation (full translation vs partial translation), the grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation), and the levels of language involved in translation (total translation vs. restricted translation). However, Catfords definition of textual equivalence is rather circular and his theorys reliance on bilingual informants is hopelessly inadequate. It can be said that the translation process cannot simply be reduced to a linguistic exercise, as claimed by Catford, since there are also other factors, such as textual, cultural and situational aspects, which should be taken into consideration when translating. In other words, linguistics is not the only discipline which enables people to carry out a translation, since translating involves different cultures and different situations at the same time and they do not always match from one language to another. In another point of view, new adjectives have been assigned to the notion of equivalence (grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several 14 others) and made their appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes between four equivalences. First is equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Second is grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. Third is textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TC audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main f actors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type. The last is pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about 15 what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the authors intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TC reader to understand it clearly. The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. The term has caused, and it seems quite probable that it will continue to cause, heated debates within the field of translation studies. This term has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of view and has been approached from many different perspectives. The first discussions of the notion of equivalence in translation initiated the further elaboration of the term by contemporary theorists. Even the brief outline of the issue given above indicates its importance within the framework of the theoretical reflection on translation. The difficulty in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of having a universal approach to this notion. 2.2. Studies on Euphemisms These terms give us ways of talking about the evaluative content of language, which is that part which doesnt describe a thing in the world, but rather expresses the speakers attitude towards it. As said by Blackaby (2002), a euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces another and that is considered less offensive or less vulgar than the word or phrase it replaces. The idea comes from a Greek word, euphemismos, which fundamentally means good speech. 16 Euphemisms, as defined by Holder (2003), involve the use of mild or vague expressions to substitute for blunt precision or disagreeable truths or concepts. They sometimes involve substituting an inoffensive, or even a pleasant term, for one more explicit, thereby veneering the truth by using kind words in order to avoid particular embarrassment or obscure negative connotation. According to Allan Burridge, a euphemism is used as an alternative to a dispreferred expression, in order to avoid possible loss of face; either ones own face or, through giving offence, that of the audience, or of some third party. In fact, many euphemisms are alternatives for expressions the speaker or writer would simply prefer not to use in executing a particular communicative intention on a given occasion. There are at least three areas, as said by Blackaby, in which to be careful about using euphemisms. First is the area in which the language related to sexuality and what might be called lavatory (potty) talk. Second is the area in which the language that involves softer words substituted for swearing or cursing. The last is the area in which the language that substitutes for profanity profaning Gods name, since the very first area that is considered in using euphemistic expressions was certainly religious. Almost every culture develops its own way of saying certain things in a better way. Every generation and every culture develop their own euphemisms. It is believed that the use of euphemisms reflect peoples psychological world. Based on this account, Huang (2005) states four main causes from the origin of euphemisms. The first is taboo subject. Because euphemisms originated from 17 primitive society, people believed that language was not merely a symbol but also with magic power. It could bring them misfortunes as well as fortunes, mentioning a certain names ran the risk of being punished, so they usually avoided these taboos. The second is the elegancy. To seek beauty is one of humans natures, consequently whenever they deal with some inelegant physiological phenomena in communication, people tend to avoid vulgarism so as to achieve elegance. These euphemisms are usually concerning part of body, copulation, pregnancy, menstruation, and excretions. The third thing is politeness. In communication, people usually followed such rules as appropriateness, generosity, praise, modesty, similarity and sympathy, so people often use indirect expressions to achieve politeness. Such euphemisms are usually concerning job, appearance, or character. And the last cause is disguise. People often use euphemisms to disguise something in the other fields of life. Such euphemisms a re usually used in politics, economy, or war. As being stated above, one of the causes of euphemistic expressions is the deal with taboos. Taboos exist in all known cultures and they change in the course of time. Hundreds of euphemisms have emerged to replace pejorative and objectionable words. However, euphemisms dont necessarily have to deal with taboos. In modern usage euphemisms are often mainly concerned with politeness. In certain situations using euphemisms instead of saying things directly is considered more tactful. For example, employees can be hired and fired, but perhaps it would be more tactful to talk about dehiring instead of firing them. Furthermore, Euphemisms are widely used in the language of commerce and 18 industry. Military jargon also contains euphemistic expressions. We may find these euphemisms are created to make the military actions less guilty for the soldiers. Of course, there are some euphemisms referred to sex, because verbal taboos are generally related with e.g. sex, death and basic biological functions. The function of euphemism is to protect the speaker/writer, hearer/reader, or all of the above from possible effrontery and offence. This offence may occur in the broaching of a religion or death topic or by mentioning subject matter to which one party involved may be sensitive. In order for communication to progress smoothly and without conflict, accommodations are continually, and often subconsciously, made. Euphemism is the language that might be misleading, but euphemisms may also help people to deal with troublesome, embarrassing and uncomfortable situations. It helps people to turn their face away from direct connection with those things that are morally barred. Euphemisms can also make the dialogue sound more poetic, of higher class, or more proper. Of course, in contemporary literature, many words or phrases once referred to by euphemistic expressions are now described in a more straightforward manner. Interpretation varies according to context, i.e. whether the speaker means the term to be euphemistic, and the hearer interprets it in that light (Warren, 1992). With euphemism being so entwined with context, however, classification of a term as euphemistic becomes difficult. For this reason, Allen and Burridge (1991:21) suggest the hypothetical context of being polite to a casual acquaintance of the opposite sex in a formal situation in a middle class environment as one in which a euphemism is likely to be used in place of a 19 dispreferred alternative. To maintain a constant standard in defining terms as euphemistic during the current study, this pragmatic context will be used. It should be remembered, however, that even within this context objective euphemism classification is a grey area, and judgements may differ from person to person. 2.2.1. Classification of Euphemisms According to Cumming (2003), euphemistic expressions can be classified based on phonological (sound) and semantic (meaning). The phonological area have seven sub-categories: (1) remodellings, (2) clippings and abbreviations, (3) foreign words, (4) abstractions, (5) indirections, (6) longer words, (7) technical terms. In the other hand, the semantic area has five sub-categories: (1) metaphor, which means a word or a phrase to refer to something that it isnt, implying a similarity between the word or phrase used and the thing described, (2) metonymy, which is a word or phrase that replaces another and uses of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity, (3) circumlocution, which refers to a roundabout way of talking, (4) hyperbole, which is a word or phrase that replaces another that usually extremely exaggerated or extravagant, and (5) understatement, which is a word or phrase that replaces another where a lesser expression is used than what would be expected. These categories from Cumming are based on conventional euphemistic expressions. The conventional euphemistic expressions are the words which sole purpose is to make reference to a taboo topic in a polite way. This category has more to do with politeness and social norms than the speakers actual 20 feelings. This is very different with the general euphemistic expressions, which are the ways of describing a situation, event or thing which convey an attitude towards it. Meanwhile, Joseph M. Williams as noted in Neaman Silver (1983) suggests five general semantic processes by means of which euphemisms are created. First is by borrowing words from other language in which the terms are less freighted with negative associations. Second is by widening. When a specific term becomes too painful or vivid, the words are moved up in the ladder of abstraction. Sometimes, in addition to widening, the words are divided to the negative connotations of a single direct term between two or more words. Third is by semantic shift. This is the substitution of the whole, or a similar generality, for the specific part we do not choose to discuss. Fourth is by metaphorical transfer, the comparison of things of one order to things of another. The last is by phonetic distortion, which is divided into other nine sub-categories: (1) abbreviation, (2) apocopation (shortening or omitting the last syllable), (3) initialing, (4) backforming, (5) reduplication, (6) phonetic disto rtion, (7) blend

Government and Education: Partners or Competitors Essay

The United States government has been subsidizing education for decades in increasingly stronger ways. Today, government invests multi-billion dollar price tags in education on all levels. Secondary education is highly subsidized by government on a federal, state and local level. K-12 education has a hand in the subsidy game as well. There has been controversy regarding whether or not subsidizing secondary education is beneficial to the students, staff and institution. There are also those that say that government involvement with K-12 education can be more of a hindrance than effective assistance. Another hot topic regarding education subsidies is charter schools and what their impact is on public education, and whether or not the programs should be eligible for government subsidies as well. â€Å"The Higher Education Act of 1965 is the basis for many of today’s postsecondary education subsidies, including student loan and grant programs, college library aid, teacher training programs, and other subsidies†¦ Federal aid for higher education soared from $10 billion in fiscal 2000 to $30 billion in fiscal 2008. (McCluskey & Edwards, 2009) Education subsidies have given students that might not otherwise have been able to afford college the opportunity to attend. Grants are funds that do not have to be repaid. Loans are funds that must be repaid, after the student stops taking classes; and have very low interest rates. â€Å"The rise in student subsidies over the decades appears to have fueled inflation in education costs. Tuition and other college costs have soared as subsidies have risen. † (McCluskey & Edwards, 2009) The costs of college tuition and fees has risen dramatically over the years. The steep rise in costs directly correllates with the rise in subsidy funds. â€Å"Federal control over K-12 education has risen dramatically in recent decades. Congress has increased funding for the schools while imposing layers of rules and regulations on local school districts. † (McCluskey, K-12 Education Subsidies, 2009) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) states that it is, â€Å"To close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind. † (Ed. ov, 2012) â€Å"Members of Congress and the Department of Education readily admit that the current NCLB requirements†¦ ask too much of students too quickly. Unfortunately, folks in Washington have neglected to make any changes and are moving forward with a flawed system that is setting up students, schools and states to fail. † (O’Connor, 2012) It is thought that the idea behind NCLB is a good one because it encourages schools and school districts to increase standards for education of all students. The program, however, seems to expect more of students than can be achieved in such short time frames. It is not always possible to take a failing group of students and transform them into high achievers in a one year span of time. (O’Connor, 2012) An additional aspect of education includes the charter school model. Charter schools were introduced originally to give parents and students a free alternative to public education. Charter schools are freed from the traditional bureaucracy and regulations that some feel divert a school’s energy and resources toward compliance rather than excellence. Proponents of charter schools argue that instead of jumping through procedural hoops and over paperwork hurdles, educators can focus on setting and reaching high academic standards for their students. † (Unknown) There are multiple sources for funding for Charter Schools according to the National Charter School Resource Center website. Not all forms of funding come from the government. There is private, foundation, state and federal funding opportunities for these charters. Most charter organizations boast high achievement of their students with staggering graduation statistics. These entities are concentrating on teaching children at their own speed and seem to be quite successful on a total scale. Overall, education subsidies are utilized for the positive assistance for students and institutions to enhance educational availability and experiences. The purpose of this government funding is to assist educational facilities with improvement and competitiveness with a global educational marketplace; as well as providing funding for students to pay tuition and fees. In elementary education, this assistance provides funding for school districts for each child in attendance. Although the details of this government funding may need some updating, the program is still quite necessary. There would be many students who could not attend school without government assistance; as well as schools that would surely close without government funding.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn – 3

Ernest Hemingway probably summed it up best when he said, â€Å"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn† (source). We’re dealing with quite a book here. Published in 1885, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s follow-up to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, carved new territory into the American literary landscape in several ways. As one of the first novels to use a specific region’s vernacular in its narration, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn set a precedent for many other distinctly American works to follow. Some readers didn’t exactly â€Å"get† this new colloquial style, however.Accustomed to the proper prose of Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Emerson, some readers didn’t know what to do with Huck’s particular way of storytelling. Aside from the novel’s new style of writing, Twain’s decision to use thirteen-year-old Huck as the narrator allowed him to include certain con tent that a more civilized narrator probably would have left out. At first, Twain’s novel was labeled crass by some readers. The book was even banned in schools for its use of the n-word which is ironic, given that the novel is up in arms over slavery. Even today, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn makes â€Å"Banned Books† lists.Twain’s novel jumped head first into one of the biggest issues of its day: racism. Although the Emancipation Proclamation had been signed over two decades before Huckleberry Finn’s original publication date, African-Americans everywhere were still victims of oppression and racism. They were technically â€Å"free,† but often by name only in Reconstruction-era America. Many southerners were bitter about the outcome of the Civil War. By guiding his characters through several states of the Confederacy, Twain was able to reveal the hypocrisy of many pre-war southern communities.As a southerner himself, Twain had first-hand exp eriences to draw on, and he was able to walk the fine line between realistic depiction and ironic farce. Not to mention, Twain created the now-iconic character of Jim, a runaway slave who convinces Huck that African-Americans are deserving of freedom, and that equality is a goal for which we all should be fighting. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is now considered to be one of the Great American Novels, mostly due to how it so heartily champions the American ideals of freedom, independence, and rugged individualism.Huck’s dedication to his own moral standards and his bold sense of adventure and self-sufficiency have earned him a place in the All-American Hall of Fame. In addition, Twain is a hilarious storyteller, and the plot of this novel is a roller-coaster ride of moral dilemmas – so trust us when we say that if you haven’t taken the ride yet, you probably should. Why Should I Care? Mark Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the Am erican Civil War. Slavery had been abolished, and the North and South were making up (albeit with some residual anger).So why publish a highly moralistic tale about a system that was no longer in place? Weren’t race issues a moot point once slavery was out of the picture? Hardly. Freedom didn’t mean equality by any means – not legally, socially, or practically. (See Shmoop History's â€Å"Jim Crow in America† for more. ) Actually, come to think of it, this isn’t an outdated notion at all. Rules and laws often don’t accurately reflect what’s really going on. From a legal standpoint today, we have equality of race; yet racism is still a problem.Men and women are equal, yet many still see a â€Å"glass ceiling† for women in the workplace, meaning they often have invisible boundaries to advancement. That doesn’t mean laws are useless. Laws may not immediately effect change, but we’ve seen that they do precede change. While laws can affect how people act, it takes more to change the way we think. We can’t rely on laws alone. That’s where The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn comes back into the picture. We need people like Mark Twain to remind us not to be self-congratulatory for starting a process in motion,

The Problem With Gun Control - 976 Words

America believes there is a problem with gun control, a problem that we do know the correct course of action. With laws, NRA, and groups standing on both sides of gun control, we will never see the truth. Is a good guy with a gun the best way to stop a bad guy with a gun, or can we stop them with words? Would having teachers armed with a gun stop a student, or anyone from coming on school campus and open fire? Should Americans change the law on gun control? So many questions on gun control, but no one right answer. We live in a country with rights, and freedoms that many have taken advantage of. The second amendment was written for the people to be able to protect themselves and their properties, as well as to stop a corrupt government. When people take advantage of this right, and claim to have the right to arm themselves, but then they shoot up a school, rob a bank, or break any other law using a gun they ruin it for everyone. But we still have to protect the rights of those that haven’t broken in laws. A good guy with a gun doesn t always mean they can stop a bad guy with a gun. I was trained by the military on how to use my firearms, how to kill someone, and how to detain someone. Would that mean I m able to stop the bad guy with a gun? No. Every situation is different. Even the police, that are trained to do their job every day doesn t always they can stop it. If someone is going to break the law and put the other people in danger and the only way to stop them isShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Gun Control881 Words   |  4 PagesOne possible solution of gun problem in the United States The ownership of firearm became legally in United States since their second amendment of the constitution enacted in 1791. It seems a symbol of the right to freedom, however, it has also brought a great convenience to criminals. 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